"All parts of the plant are poisonous, the toxins can be destroyed by heat or by drying[4, 10, 13, 19, 62, 65]. The plant has a strongly acrid juice that can cause blistering to the skin[65, 183]"

"The whole plant is acrid, anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic and rubefacient[4, 21]. The plant has been crushed and applied as a poultice to the chest to relieve colds and chest pains[257]. Use with caution[21], the whole plant is extremely acrid and can cause intense pain and burning of the mouth, mucous membranes etc[222]"

"The plant sap has been used to remove warts[4]. The sap has also been used as a sedative[257]. The flowers are used in Tibetan medicine, where they are considered to have an acrid taste and a heating potency[241]. Their use is said to promote heat, dissolve tumours and draw out serous fluids[241]. They are used in the treatment of disorders brought about by rotting sores or wounds[241]"

"The fresh leaves have been used as a rubefacient in the treatment of rheumatism etc[222]. The flowers and the leaves have been crushed and sniffed as a treatment for headaches[257]"

"Leaves - cooked and used as greens[257]. Some caution is advised, see the notes above on toxicity."

"An infusion of the roots has been used in the treatment of diarrhoea[257]. The poulticed root is also rubefacient and was applied to boils and abscess[222, 257]"